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DNA Research 2000 7(6):331-338; doi:10.1093/dnares/7.6.331
© 2000 by Kazusa DNA Research Institute
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Complete Genome Structure of the Nitrogen-fixing Symbiotic Bacterium Mesorhizobium loti

Takakazu Kaneko, Yasukazu Nakamura, Shusei Sato, Erika Asamizu, Tomohiko Kato, Shigemi Sasamoto, Akiko Watanabe, Kumi Idesawa, Atsuko Ishikawa, Kumiko Kawashima, Takaharu Kimura, Yoshie Kishida, Chiaki Kiyokawa, Mitsuyo Kohara, Midori Matsumoto, Ai Matsuno, Yoko Mochizuki, Shinobu Nakayama, Naomi Nakazaki, Sayaka Shimpo, Masako Sugimoto, Chie Takeuchi, Manabu Yamada and Satoshi Tabata*

Kazusa DNA Research Institute 1532-3 Yana, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0812, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. +81-438-52-3933, Fax. +81-438-52-3934

The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of a symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium loti strain MAFF303099 was determined. The genome of M. loti consisted of a single chromosome (7, 036, 071 bp) and two plasmids, designated as pMLa (351, 911 bp) and pMLb (208, 315 bp). The chromosome comprises 6752 potential protein-coding genes, two sets of rRNA genes and 50 tRNA genes representing 47 tRNA species. Fifty-four percent of the potential protein genes showed sequence similarity to genes of known function, 21% to hypothetical genes, and the remaining 25% hadno apparent similarity to reported genes. A 611-kb DNA segment, a highly probable candidate of a symbiotic island, was identified, and 30 genes for nitrogen fixation and 24 genes for nodulation were assigned in this region. Codon usage analysis suggested that the symbiotic islandas well as the plasmids originated andw ere transmittedfrom other genetic systems. The genomes of two plasmids, pMLa and pMLb, contained 320 and 209 potential protein-coding genes, respectively, for a variety of biological functions. These include genes for the ABC-transporter system, phosphate assimilation, two-component system, DNA replication and conjugation, but only one gene for nodulation was identified.

Key words: Mesorhizobium loti strain MAFF303099; genome sequencing; symbiosis; nodulation; nitrogen fixation; plasmid


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Mol Biol EvolHome page
A. Medrano-Soto, G. Moreno-Hagelsieb, P. Vinuesa, J. A. Christen, and J. Collado-Vides
Successful Lateral Transfer Requires Codon Usage Compatibility Between Foreign Genes and Recipient Genomes
Mol. Biol. Evol., October 1, 2004; 21(10): 1884 - 1894.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Bacteriol.Home page
D. Perez-Mendoza, A. Dominguez-Ferreras, S. Munoz, M. J. Soto, J. Olivares, S. Brom, L. Girard, J. A. Herrera-Cervera, and J. Sanjuan
Identification of Functional mob Regions in Rhizobium etli: Evidence for Self-Transmissibility of the Symbiotic Plasmid pRetCFN42d
J. Bacteriol., September 1, 2004; 186(17): 5753 - 5761.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
N. Suzuki, Y. Nakano, A. Yoshida, Y. Yamashita, and Y. Kiyoura
Real-Time TaqMan PCR for Quantifying Oral Bacteria during Biofilm Formation
J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 2004; 42(8): 3827 - 3830.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Bacteriol.Home page
N. Ausmees, H. Kobayashi, W. J. Deakin, C. Marie, H. B. Krishnan, W. J. Broughton, and X. Perret
Characterization of NopP, a Type III Secreted Effector of Rhizobium sp. Strain NGR234
J. Bacteriol., July 15, 2004; 186(14): 4774 - 4780.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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MicrobiologyHome page
L. Ferrieres, A. Francez-Charlot, J. Gouzy, S. Rouille, and D. Kahn
FixJ-regulated genes evolved through promoter duplication in Sinorhizobium meliloti
Microbiology, July 1, 2004; 150(7): 2335 - 2345.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Bacteriol.Home page
N. Anton, M. V. Mendes, J. F. Martin, and J. F. Aparicio
Identification of PimR as a Positive Regulator of Pimaricin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces natalensis
J. Bacteriol., May 1, 2004; 186(9): 2567 - 2575.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Bacteriol.Home page
T. Uchiumi, T. Ohwada, M. Itakura, H. Mitsui, N. Nukui, P. Dawadi, T. Kaneko, S. Tabata, T. Yokoyama, K. Tejima, et al.
Expression Islands Clustered on the Symbiosis Island of the Mesorhizobium loti Genome
J. Bacteriol., April 15, 2004; 186(8): 2439 - 2448.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
K. Itoh, Y. Tashiro, K. Uobe, Y. Kamagata, K. Suyama, and H. Yamamoto
Root Nodule Bradyrhizobium spp. Harbor tfdA{alpha} and cadA, Homologous with Genes Encoding 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid-Degrading Proteins
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., April 1, 2004; 70(4): 2110 - 2118.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
H. Yun, S. Lim, B.-K. Cho, and B.-G. Kim
{omega}-Amino Acid:Pyruvate Transaminase from Alcaligenes denitrificans Y2k-2: a New Catalyst for Kinetic Resolution of {beta}-Amino Acids and Amines
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., April 1, 2004; 70(4): 2529 - 2534.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
M. Moris, B. Dombrecht, C. Xi, J. Vanderleyden, and J. Michiels
Regulatory Role of Rhizobium etli CNPAF512 fnrN during Symbiosis
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2004; 70(3): 1287 - 1296.
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MicrobiologyHome page
M. Yoshimura, K. Asai, Y. Sadaie, and H. Yoshikawa
Interaction of Bacillus subtilis extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors with the N-terminal regions of their potential anti-sigma factors
Microbiology, March 1, 2004; 150(3): 591 - 599.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Bacteriol.Home page
W. T. Jones, T. Al-Samarrai, J. M. Reeves, G. B. Ryan, C. A. Kirk, E. Vincze, D. Harvey, M. McCambridge, D. Greenwood, and P. H. S. Reynolds
The trans-Acting Protein Interacting with the DNA Motif Proximal to the Transcriptional Start Site of Plant L-Asparaginase Is Bacterial Sarcosine Oxidase
J. Bacteriol., February 1, 2004; 186(3): 811 - 817.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Bacteriol.Home page
E. Lodwig, S. Kumar, D. Allaway, A. Bourdes, J. Prell, U. Priefer, and P. Poole
Regulation of L-Alanine Dehydrogenase in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and Its Role in Pea Nodules
J. Bacteriol., February 1, 2004; 186(3): 842 - 849.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Bacteriol.Home page
K. L. Farmer and M. S. Thomas
Isolation and Characterization of Burkholderia cenocepacia Mutants Deficient in Pyochelin Production: Pyochelin Biosynthesis Is Sensitive to Sulfur Availability
J. Bacteriol., January 15, 2004; 186(2): 270 - 277.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
L. S. Forsberg, K. D. Noel, J. Box, and R. W. Carlson
Genetic Locus and Structural Characterization of the Biochemical Defect in the O-Antigenic Polysaccharide of the Symbiotically Deficient Rhizobium etli Mutant, CE166: REPLACEMENT OF N-ACETYLQUINOVOSAMINE WITH ITS HEXOSYL-4-ULOSE PRECURSOR
J. Biol. Chem., December 19, 2003; 278(51): 51347 - 51359.
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MicrobiologyHome page
F. Martinez-Morales, M. Schobert, I. M. Lopez-Lara, and O. Geiger
Pathways for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in bacteria
Microbiology, December 1, 2003; 149(12): 3461 - 3471.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Nucleic Acids ResHome page
K. Tsuge, K. Matsui, and M. Itaya
One step assembly of multiple DNA fragments with a designed order and orientation in Bacillus subtilis plasmid
Nucleic Acids Res., November 1, 2003; 31(21): e133 - e133.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. J. Karbarz, S. R. Kalb, R. J. Cotter, and C. R. H. Raetz
Expression Cloning and Biochemical Characterization of a Rhizobium leguminosarum Lipid A 1-Phosphatase
J. Biol. Chem., October 10, 2003; 278(41): 39269 - 39279.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
K. Pfluger, S. Baumann, G. Gottschalk, W. Lin, H. Santos, and V. Muller
Lysine-2,3-Aminomutase and {beta}-Lysine Acetyltransferase Genes of Methanogenic Archaea Are Salt Induced and Are Essential for the Biosynthesis of N{varepsilon}-Acetyl-{beta}-Lysine and Growth at High Salinity
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., October 1, 2003; 69(10): 6047 - 6055.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Genome ResHome page
X. Guo, M. Flores, P. Mavingui, S. I. Fuentes, G. Hernandez, G. Davila, and R. Palacios
Natural Genomic Design in Sinorhizobium meliloti: Novel Genomic Architectures
Genome Res., August 1, 2003; 13(8): 1810 - 1817.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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MicrobiologyHome page
G. P. Stafford, J. Scanlan, I. R. McDonald, and J. C. Murrell
rpoN, mmoR and mmoG, genes involved in regulating the expression of soluble methane monooxygenase in Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b
Microbiology, July 1, 2003; 149(7): 1771 - 1784.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J Exp BotHome page
K. Kato, Y. Okamura, K. Kanahama, and Y. Kanayama
Nitrate-independent expression of plant nitrate reductase in Lotus japonicus root nodules
J. Exp. Bot., July 1, 2003; 54(388): 1685 - 1690.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. Karlin, M. J. Barnett, A. M. Campbell, R. F. Fisher, and J. Mrazek
Predicting gene expression levels from codon biases in {alpha}-proteobacterial genomes
PNAS, June 10, 2003; 100(12): 7313 - 7318.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Infect. Immun.Home page
D. Monreal, M. J. Grillo, D. Gonzalez, C. M. Marin, M. J. De Miguel, I. Lopez-Goni, J. M. Blasco, A Cloeckaert, and I. Moriyon
Characterization of Brucella abortus O-Polysaccharide and Core Lipopolysaccharide Mutants and Demonstration that a Complete Core Is Required for Rough Vaccines To Be Efficient against Brucella abortus and Brucella ovis in the Mouse Model
Infect. Immun., June 1, 2003; 71(6): 3261 - 3271.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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MicrobiologyHome page
M. del Carmen Vargas, S. Encarnacion, A. Davalos, A. Reyes-Perez, Y. Mora, A. Garcia-de los Santos, S. Brom, and J. Mora
Only one catalase, katG, is detectable in Rhizobium etli, and is encoded along with the regulator OxyR on a plasmid replicon
Microbiology, May 1, 2003; 149(5): 1165 - 1176.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. I. Kanipes, A. A. Ribeiro, S. Lin, R. J. Cotter, and C. R. H. Raetz
A Mannosyl Transferase Required for Lipopolysaccharide Inner Core Assembly in Rhizobium leguminosarum. PURIFICATION, SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY, AND EXPRESSION IN SALMONELLA waaC MUTANTS
J. Biol. Chem., April 25, 2003; 278(18): 16356 - 16364.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol Biol EvolHome page
V. Daubin and G. Perriere
G+C3 Structuring Along the Genome: A Common Feature in Prokaryotes
Mol. Biol. Evol., April 1, 2003; 20(4): 471 - 483.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. R. R. Cussiol, S. V. Alves, M. Antonio de Oliveira, and L. E. S. Netto
Organic Hydroperoxide Resistance Gene Encodes a Thiol-dependent Peroxidase
J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 2003; 278(13): 11570 - 11578.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Plant Cell PhysiolHome page
Y. Hattori, H. Omori, M. Hanyu, N. Kaseda, E. Mishima, T. Kaneko, S. Tabata, and K. Saeki
Ordered Cosmid Library of the Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 Genome for Systematic Gene Disruption and Complementation Analysis
Plant Cell Physiol., December 15, 2002; 43(12): 1542 - 1557.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.Home page
C. Goffin and J.-M. Ghuysen
Biochemistry and Comparative Genomics of SxxK Superfamily Acyltransferases Offer a Clue to the Mycobacterial Paradox: Presence of Penicillin-Susceptible Target Proteins versus Lack of Efficiency of Penicillin as Therapeutic Agent
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., December 1, 2002; 66(4): 702 - 738.
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Plant Cell PhysiolHome page
T. Uchiumi, Y. Shimoda, T. Tsuruta, Y. Mukoyoshi, A. Suzuki, K. Senoo, S. Sato, T. Kato, S. Tabata, S. Higashi, et al.
Expression of Symbiotic and Nonsymbiotic Globin Genes Responding to Microsymbionts on Lotus japonicus
Plant Cell Physiol., November 15, 2002; 43(11): 1351 - 1358.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Infect. Immun.Home page
A. Tibor, V. Wansard, V. Bielartz, R.-M. Delrue, I. Danese, P. Michel, K. Walravens, J. Godfroid, and J.-J. Letesson
Effect of omp10 or omp19 Deletion on Brucella abortus Outer Membrane Properties and Virulence in Mice
Infect. Immun., October 1, 2002; 70(10): 5540 - 5546.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Bacteriol.Home page
A. H. F. Hosie, D. Allaway, and P. S. Poole
A Monocarboxylate Permease of Rhizobium leguminosarum Is the First Member of a New Subfamily of Transporters
J. Bacteriol., October 1, 2002; 184(19): 5436 - 5448.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
I. T. Paulsen, R. Seshadri, K. E. Nelson, J. A. Eisen, J. F. Heidelberg, T. D. Read, R. J. Dodson, L. Umayam, L. M. Brinkac, M. J. Beanan, et al.
The Brucellasuis genome reveals fundamental similarities between animal and plant pathogens and symbionts
PNAS, October 1, 2002; 99(20): 13148 - 13153.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. S. Basu, M. J. Karbarz, and C. R. H. Raetz
Expression Cloning and Characterization of the C28 Acyltransferase of Lipid A Biosynthesis in Rhizobium leguminosarum
J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 2002; 277(32): 28959 - 28971.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
A. Jesenska, M. Bartos, V. Czernekova, I. Rychlik, I. Pavlik, and J. Damborsky
Cloning and Expression of the Haloalkane Dehalogenase Gene dhmA from Mycobacterium avium N85 and Preliminary Characterization of DhmA
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 1, 2002; 68(8): 3724 - 3730.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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